Skin cancer incidence is increasing. The WHO reports between 2 and 3 million non-melanoma skin cancers and 132,000 melanoma skin cancers globally each year, while 1 in every 3 cancers diagnosed is a skin cancer. Several factors are responsible for skin cancer incidence, and some of them are more easily treated than others. Furthermore, as social and contextual factors within communities can often hinder UV exposure reduction (e.g., the societal promotion of tanning), primary prevention is not always sufficient. Early detection and treatments can be remarkably improved through a better understanding of the molecular events activated after UV radiation reaches human cells. As such, this chapter aims to evidence how basic research regarding the effects of UV radiation on the human genetic material works to improve diagnostic tests and the treatment of skin cancer, thus improving the patient’s quality of life and reducing fatalities.